{"id":931,"date":"2025-03-13T17:56:00","date_gmt":"2025-03-13T17:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/?p=931"},"modified":"2025-09-13T20:37:38","modified_gmt":"2025-09-13T20:37:38","slug":"isro-spadex-docking-undocking","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/2025\/isro-spadex-docking-undocking\/","title":{"rendered":"SpaDeX Docking &amp; Undocking: ISRO Achieves Historic Success"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>PSLV-C60<\/strong> was launched on <strong>30 December 2024<\/strong>, carrying the <strong>SpaDeX <\/strong>satellites (<strong>SDX-01<\/strong> and <strong>SDX-02<\/strong>). Both were successfully injected into a 470 km circular orbit at an inclination of 55\u00b0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Docking:<\/strong> 16 January 2025<br><strong>Undocking:<\/strong> 13 March 2025 at ~09:20 IST<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SpaDex Docking<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"841\" height=\"408\" src=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Docking.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-936\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Docking.png 841w, https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Docking-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Docking-768x373.png 768w, https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Docking-150x73.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 841px) 100vw, 841px\" \/><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controls src=\"https:\/\/www.isro.gov.in\/media_isro\/video\/spadex_docking.webm\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Image\/Video Courtesy: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SpaDex Undocking<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"246\" src=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_undocking_onboard.png\" alt=\"SpaDex Undocking\" class=\"wp-image-932\" style=\"width:840px;height:auto\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_undocking_onboard.png 740w, https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_undocking_onboard-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_undocking_onboard-150x50.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\" \/><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video src=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/SD1_Undocking_01.mp4\" controls=\"controls\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\"><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>SDX-01 Undocking<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controls src=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/SD2_Undocking_02.mp4\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400px\"><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>SDX-02 Undocking<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Image\/Video Courtesy: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SpaDex Undocking<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>undocking activity<\/strong> of the SpaDeX satellites was successfully carried out in a <strong>460 km circular orbit with a 45-degree inclination<\/strong>, achieving success on the <strong>very first attempt<\/strong>. Following the separation, both satellites are now <strong>orbiting independently<\/strong>, with their <strong>health confirmed to be normal<\/strong>. Extensive analysis of the <strong>in-orbit performance<\/strong> during the docked phase identified an <strong>optimal opportunity for undocking between March 10 and March 25, 2025<\/strong>. The entire operation was meticulously monitored through <strong>ground stations in Bengaluru, Lucknow, and Mauritius<\/strong>, ensuring precise execution. With the satellites now operating separately, <strong>further experiments are planned in the coming days<\/strong>, advancing key mission objectives and validating crucial space technologies for future ISRO missions. &#8211; ISRO<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SpaDeX Docking Timeline<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>07\/01\/2025<\/strong> \u2013 Docking attempt <strong>aborted<\/strong>. Further validation required through ground simulations due to an identified abort scenario.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>09\/01\/2025<\/strong> \u2013 Docking attempt <strong>aborted<\/strong>. During a maneuver to bring the satellites <strong>within 225 meters<\/strong>, unexpected drift was observed post non-visibility period. The planned docking was postponed. Both satellites remained safe.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>12\/01\/2025<\/strong> \u2013 A <strong>trial attempt<\/strong> was conducted, successfully reaching <strong>15 meters<\/strong> and then <strong>3 meters<\/strong>. The spacecraft were then moved back to a safe distance for further analysis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>13\/01\/2025<\/strong> \u2013 At <strong>09:46 UTC<\/strong>, the estimated distance between the satellites was <strong>3.3 km<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>16\/01\/2025<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Successful docking<\/strong> achieved!<br>The maneuver from <strong>15 meters to the 3-meter hold point<\/strong> was completed.<br>Docking was initiated with precision, leading to successful spacecraft capture.<br>Retraction and rigidization were carried out smoothly, ensuring stability.<br>Payload health was reported as normal.<br>Post-docking, the two satellites were successfully controlled as a <strong>single unit<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>18\/01\/2025<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Satellites&#8217; health confirmed as normal.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>13\/03\/2025<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Successful undocking<\/strong> at ~09:20 IST. However, the inter-satellite power transfer objective remains to be demonstrated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objectives of the SpaDeX Mission<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>SpaDeX mission<\/strong> is designed to develop and demonstrate key technologies for <strong>rendezvous, docking, and undocking<\/strong> between two small spacecraft &#8211; <strong>SDX01 (Chaser)<\/strong> and <strong>SDX02 (Target)<\/strong> &#8211; in low-Earth orbit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Power Transfer Demonstration<\/strong>: Testing the ability to transfer electrical power between the docked spacecraft, a crucial capability for future in-space<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Composite Spacecraft Control<\/strong>: Evaluating how the two spacecraft function as a single unit when docked. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Post-Undocking Payload Operations<\/strong>: Assessing the performance and operations of payloads after separation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">New Technologies in the SpaDeX Mission<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>SpaDeX mission<\/strong> incorporates several <strong>indigenously developed technologies<\/strong> to enable autonomous rendezvous and docking. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Advanced Docking Mechanism<\/strong> \u2013 A precision-engineered system for secure spacecraft docking.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rendezvous and Docking Sensor Suite<\/strong> \u2013 A set of four specialized sensors to aid in approach, alignment, and docking.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Power Transfer Technology<\/strong> \u2013 Enables the transfer of electrical power between docked spacecraft, a critical feature for future in-space servicing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking Strategy<\/strong> \u2013 A novel, self-reliant system designed for efficient and safe docking without human intervention.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inter-Satellite Communication Link (ISL)<\/strong> \u2013 Facilitates direct communication between spacecraft, incorporating built-in intelligence to track each other\u2019s state.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>GNSS-Based Relative Orbit Determination and Propagation (RODP) Processor<\/strong> \u2013 Determines the relative position and velocity of the counterpart spacecraft using satellite navigation data.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Simulation Test Beds<\/strong> \u2013 Hardware and software environments for rigorous validation and testing of mission systems before deploymen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These technologies are crucial for future <strong>autonomous space missions, on-orbit servicing, and in-space assembly<\/strong>, enhancing India&#8217;s capabilities in space robotics and satellite operations<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SpaDex Images<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69d2785431e38&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69d2785431e38\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"676\" height=\"437\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-id=\"939\" src=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-939\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_2.png 676w, https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_2-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_2-150x97.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 676px) 100vw, 676px\" 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\/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69d27854323cf&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69d27854323cf\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"484\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-id=\"937\" src=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-937\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_4.png 780w, https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_4-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_4-768x477.png 768w, https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_4-150x93.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69d278543263f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69d278543263f\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"433\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-id=\"940\" src=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_1-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-940\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_1-1.png 722w, https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_1-1-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/spadex_mission_1-1-150x90.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Image Courtesy: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>SpaDeX mission<\/strong> marks a significant milestone in India&#8217;s space capabilities, laying the groundwork for future <strong>ISRO missions<\/strong>, including the <strong>Chandrayaan-4 Sample Return Mission<\/strong>, the <strong>Bharatiya Antariksha Station<\/strong>, and other advanced space operations. The successful demonstration of <strong>autonomous rendezvous, docking, and undocking<\/strong> is a critical step toward enabling <strong>on-orbit servicing, in-space assembly, and human spaceflight support<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For <strong>Chandrayaan-4<\/strong>, which aims to bring lunar samples back to Earth, precise docking technology is essential for the <strong>orbiter and ascent module<\/strong> to transfer samples mid-space. The <strong>Bharatiya Antariksha Station<\/strong>, India\u2019s planned space station, will require similar <strong>rendezvous and docking mechanisms<\/strong> for docking visiting spacecraft, crewed missions, and cargo modules. Additionally, <strong>future ISRO missions<\/strong>, such as satellite servicing, in-space refueling, and formation flying missions, will greatly benefit from the <strong>inter-satellite communication, power transfer, and relative navigation technologies<\/strong> tested in SpaDeX.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By demonstrating these capabilities, <strong>SpaDeX strengthens India&#8217;s position in space technology<\/strong> and enhances its ability to execute complex <strong>deep-space, lunar, and orbital missions<\/strong> in the coming decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Disclaimer:<\/strong> The images, videos, and information used in this blog are sourced from ISRO\u2019s official mission pages and press releases. All rights are owned by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). This content is shared for educational and informational purposes only.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.isro.gov.in\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.isro.gov.in\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More Info.: <a href=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/file\/spadex-mission\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/file\/spadex-mission\/\"><em>https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/file\/spadex-mission\/<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PSLV-C60 was launched on 30 December 2024, carrying the SpaDeX satellites (SDX-01 and SDX-02). Both were successfully injected into a 470 km circular orbit at an inclination of 55\u00b0. Docking:&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":932,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pgc_sgb_lightbox_settings":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[61,69,18,70],"class_list":["post-931","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology","tag-isro","tag-pslv","tag-space","tag-spadex"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/931","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=931"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/931\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1046,"href":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/931\/revisions\/1046"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/932"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=931"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tanmaytalekar.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=931"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}